IMETYSOHJAUS-Oppimateriaalia Moodle2-oppimisympäristöön hoitotyön opiskelijoille

Imetys on luonnollinen tapa ruokkia vauvaa ja äidinmaito sisältää kaikki ravintoaineet mitä vauva tarvitsee D-vitamiinia lukuun ottamatta. Terveyden ja hyvinvoinnin laitos suosittelee täysimetystä ensimmäisen kuuden kuukauden ajan ja osittain imetystä kiin-teiden ruokien ohella vähintään vuoden ikään asti. Suomessa imetys toteutuu har-vemmin suositusten mukaisesti. Useimmat äidit kohtaavat haasteita imetyksen aikana, ja hyvä imetysohjaus onkin tärkeä osa imetyksen jatkumisen turvaamiseksi. Koulutetut imetysohjaajat ovat tutkitusti yhteydessä pidempään imetyksen kestoon. Sairaanhoitajan opinnoissa imetysohjausta käsitellään hyvin vähän, vaikka sairaanhoi-tajatkin ohjaavat imetystä työelämässä. Opinnäytetyön tarkoitus oli imetysohjauksen edistäminen. Kohderyhmänä olivat sairaanhoitajaopiskelijat, ja työn tavoite oli kehittää heidän imetysohjaustaitojaan. Tehtävänä oli tuottaa oppimateriaalia sairaanhoitaja-opiskelijoille Moodle 2 -oppimisympäristöön. Opinnäytetyön toimeksiantajana toimi Ka-relia-ammattikorkeakoulu. Opinnäytetyön tietopohjassa on käsitelty imetysohjauksen lisäksi yleistä tietoa imetyk-sestä, imetyksen hyödyistä ja haasteista. Opinnäytetyön toiminnallinen tuotos on Po-werPoint-esitys, johon on koottu keskeisimmät asiat imetyksestä ja imetyksen ohjaami-sesta. Tietoa on havainnollistettu kuvien avulla. Oppimateriaali on käytettävissä perhe-hoitotyön Moodlessa itseopiskelumateriaalina. Jatkokehitysideana imetysohjauksesta voisi tehdä toiminnallisen opinnäytetyön, jonka tuotoksena olisi konkreettista imetysoh-jausopetusta.Breastfeeding is a natural way to feed a baby and it includes all the nutrients that a ba-by needs, except for vitamin D. The National Institute for Health and Welfare recom-mends breastfeeding as the only form of nutrition up to six months and along with solid foods up to one year, or as long as the family feels comfortable with it. In Finland, breastfeeding is not realised as recommended. Most of the breastfeeding mothers have some type of problems in breastfeeding and therefore, breastfeeding counselling is im-portant and needed to ensure that breastfeeding continues despite the problems. Ac-cording to studies, educated breastfeeding counsellors have a clear connection to a longer breastfeeding duration. Nursing education does not include studies in breast-feeding counselling although registered nurses provide it. The purpose of this thesis, commissioned by the Karelia University of Applied Sciences, was to promote skills in breastfeeding counselling among a target group of nursing students. The assignment was to produce educational material for nursing students in the Moodle2 environment. Besides breastfeeding counselling, the knowledge base of the thesis provides common information on breastfeeding and its benefits and challenges. The output of this prac-tise-based thesis is a PowerPoint presentation, including key issues related to breast-feeding and breastfeeding counselling. Material has been visualised by using photos. This educational material is available as self-study material in the Moodle environment of the Family Nursing course. As a development idea for breastfeeding counselling, a practise-based thesis focusing on the concrete teaching of breastfeeding counselling could be carried out

Mapping Natural Forest Remnants with Multi-Source and Multi-Temporal Remote Sensing Data for More Informed Management of Global Biodiversity Hotspots

Global terrestrial biodiversity hotspots (GBH) represent areas featuring exceptional concentrations of endemism and habitat loss in the world. Unfortunately, geospatial data of natural habitats of the GBHs are often outdated, imprecise, and coarse, and need updating for improved management and protection actions. Recent developments in satellite image availability, combined with enhanced machine learning algorithms and computing capacity, enable cost-efficient updating of geospatial information of these already severely fragmented habitats. This study aimed to develop a more accurate method for mapping closed canopy evergreen natural forest (CCEF) of the Eastern Arc Mountains (EAM) ecoregion in Tanzania and Kenya, and to update the knowledge on its spatial extent, level of fragmentation, and conservation status. We tested 1023 model possibilities stemming from a combination of Sentinel-1 (S1) and Sentinel-2 (S2) satellite imagery, spatial texture of S1 and S2, seasonality derived from Landsat-8 time series, and topographic information, using random forest modelling approach. We compared the best CCEF model with existing spatial forest products from the EAM through independent accuracy assessment. Finally, the CCEF model was used to estimate the fragmentation and conservation coverage of the EAM. The CCEF model has moderate accuracy measured in True Skill Statistic (0.57), and it clearly outperforms other similar products from the region. Based on this model, there are about 296,000 ha of Eastern Arc Forests (EAF) left. Furthermore, acknowledging small forest fragments (1-10 ha) implies that the EAFs are more fragmented than previously considered. Currently, the official protection of EAFs is disproportionally targeting well-studied mountain blocks, while less known areas and small fragments are underrepresented in the protected area network. Thus, the generated CCEF model should be used to design updates and more informed and detailed conservation allocation plans to balance this situation. The results highlight that spatial texture of S2, seasonality, and topography are the most important variables describing the EAFs, while spatial texture of S1 increases the model performance slightly. All in all, our work demonstrates that recent developments in Earth observation allows significant enhancements in mapping, which should be utilized in areas with outstanding biodiversity values for better forest and conservation planning.Peer reviewe

Finnish landscape studies – a mixture of traditions and recent trends in the analysis of nature-human interactions

Finnish landscape studies have long methodological traditions stretching back to the early 20th century. These are reflected in present-day landscape research, which is practised within various university disciplines and research institutions, representing both the sciences and the humanities and also applied fields. We have categorised Finnish landscape studies under four main themes: (1) theoretical and methodological, (2) ecological, (3) social and cultural, and (4) applied. The focus of Finnish landscape research has been on both physical landscape characteristics and their spatial and temporal interactions, and also on the diverse social context of landscapes. Finnish landscapes have been mapped and delineated on several occasions, the latest landscape map being based on a publication by the National Land Survey and the Geographical Society of Finland dating from 1994. This classification recognizes landscape areas defined hierarchically on three spatial levels using the proportions and spatial configurations of ground, water, vegetation and man-made forms. The future of Finnish landscape studies is tied to whether knowledge about nature-human interactions on the visible surface of the earth will be able to overcome the fragmentation brought about by specialization. What is needed is a common world of concepts, a new way of thinking. This will call for transdisciplinary concepts, intertraditional points of view, in which quantitative and explicatory methods are complemented by qualitative approaches and methods which emphasize understanding, meanings and symbols. </div

Adaptive Development of a Regional Spatial Data Infrastructure Facing Local Prospects and Socio-Technological Trends

The regional Lounaispaikka-SDI (Spatial Data Infrastructure) in south-west Finland is being developed by a dynamic assembly of the region’s geospatial expertise and its networking, spatial data and geoportal services. Emerging as a data-centric constellation that supported the region’s geographical information professionals, this assembly has developed into a geospatial service with more broadly-focused public information on the region. This development has had five adaptive phases, each as a response to changing local needs and fast-evolving trends in information and communication technologies. Alongside these processes, the Lounaispaikka-SDI has also reinforced the region’s geospatial competencies with benefits offered to academia, public sector institutions, and companies

Systematic Assessment of Maps as Source Information in Landscape Change Research

A methodology is proposed for systematic map assessment to contribute to landscape-change research. Two major topic areas are dealt with, namely: content, quality and usefulness of landscape information on different maps; and methods used in the spatial conversion of maps into digital systems (e.g. geographical information systems). The major focus is on information about physical landscape characteristics (e.g. land cover) and land uses. The approach was tested using a sequence of nine large- and medium-scale basic maps of the island of Ruissalo in SW Finland from between 1690 and 1998. Fundamental differences were found in the thematic consistency of landscape information, mainly related to the scale, purpose and generalization of landscape information on different maps. Spatial matching was tested for a set of three old maps using four image rectification functions. The results showed that spatial matching of old maps is difficult, and success in rectification is influenced by many factors. Evaluation and selective transformation of landscape information from maps and the use of supportive information from other sources can assist in landscape-change analysis based on map sequences.</p

Biophysical regions of the Southern Highlands, Tanzania: regionalization in a data scarce environment with open geospatial data and statistical methods

Spatially explicit, evidence-based and regionally contextualized data on biophysical landscape characteristics is an essential basis for regionally sustainable landscape management schemes. In many regions of the Global South, the availability of such information is poor, especially at the subnational level, and the spatial management is often based on generic and outdated information, leading to severe threats for land sustainability. We have developed a biophysical regionalization of the Southern Highlands area of Tanzania. The map is based on open-source global datasets depicting climate, soil, topography and vegetation. Through replicable statistical and geospatial analyses, we have identified 7 regions and 18 subsections with biophysically similar and spatially distinctive environmental conditions. The regions provide spatially contextualized support for understanding and managing the landscapes of the Southern Highlands. The applications for such data sets are numerous, from screening suitability areas for e.g. afforestation schemes to evaluating the distinctiveness and vulnerability of landscapes to degradation.</p

Mapping Natural Forest Remnants with Multi-Source and Multi-Temporal Remote Sensing Data for More Informed Management of Global Biodiversity Hotspots

Global terrestrial biodiversity hotspots (GBH) represent areas featuring exceptional concentrations of endemism and habitat loss in the world. Unfortunately, geospatial data of natural habitats of the GBHs are often outdated, imprecise, and coarse, and need updating for improved management and protection actions. Recent developments in satellite image availability, combined with enhanced machine learning algorithms and computing capacity, enable cost-efficient updating of geospatial information of these already severely fragmented habitats. This study aimed to develop a more accurate method for mapping closed canopy evergreen natural forest (CCEF) of the Eastern Arc Mountains (EAM) ecoregion in Tanzania and Kenya, and to update the knowledge on its spatial extent, level of fragmentation, and conservation status. We tested 1023 model possibilities stemming from a combination of Sentinel-1 (S1) and Sentinel-2 (S2) satellite imagery, spatial texture of S1 and S2, seasonality derived from Landsat-8 time series, and topographic information, using random forest modelling approach. We compared the best CCEF model with existing spatial forest products from the EAM through independent accuracy assessment. Finally, the CCEF model was used to estimate the fragmentation and conservation coverage of the EAM. The CCEF model has moderate accuracy measured in True Skill Statistic (0.57), and it clearly outperforms other similar products from the region. Based on this model, there are about 296,000 ha of Eastern Arc Forests (EAF) left. Furthermore, acknowledging small forest fragments (1–10 ha) implies that the EAFs are more fragmented than previously considered. Currently, the official protection of EAFs is disproportionally targeting well-studied mountain blocks, while less known areas and small fragments are underrepresented in the protected area network. Thus, the generated CCEF model should be used to design updates and more informed and detailed conservation allocation plans to balance this situation. The results highlight that spatial texture of S2, seasonality, and topography are the most important variables describing the EAFs, while spatial texture of S1 increases the model performance slightly. All in all, our work demonstrates that recent developments in Earth observation allows significant enhancements in mapping, which should be utilized in areas with outstanding biodiversity values for better forest and conservation planning.</p

Urban expansion in Zanzibar City, Tanzania : Analyzing quantity, spatial patterns and effects of alternative planning approaches

Rapid urbanization and urban area expansion of sub-Saharan Africa are megatrends of the 21st century. Addressing environmental and social problems related to these megatrends requires faster and more efficient urban planning that is based on measured information of the expansion patterns. Urban growth prediction models (UGPMs) provide tools for generating such information by predicting future urban expansion patterns and allowing testing of alternative planning scenarios. We created an UGPM for Zanzibar City in Tanzania by measuring urban expansion in 2004-2009 and 2009-2013, linking the expansion to explanatory variables with a generalized additive model, measuring the accuracy of the created model, and projecting urban growth until 2030 with the business-as-usual and various alternative planning scenarios. Based on the results, the urban area of Zanzibar City expanded by 40% from 2004 to 2013. Spatial patterns of expansion were largely driven by the already existing building pattern and land-use constraints. The created model predicted future urban expansion moderately well and had an area under the curve value of 0.855 and a true skill statistic result of 0.568. Based on the business-as-usual scenario, the city will expand 89% from 2013 until 2030 and will continue to sprawl to new regions at the outskirts of the current built-up area. Establishing new urban centers had the highest impact on directing urban expansion from the tested alternative planning scenarios. However, the impact of all scenarios was low and therefore also other planning solutions such as vertical development, urban growth boundaries, and gradual improvement of the informal areas should be considered in Zanzibar.Peer reviewe

Finnish landscape studies – a mixture of traditions and recent trends in the analysis of nature-human interactions

Finnish landscape studies have long methodological traditions stretching back to the early 20th century. These are reflected in present-day landscape research, which is practised within various university disciplines and research institutions, representing both the sciences and the humanities and also applied fields. We have categorised Finnish landscape studies under four main themes: (1) theoretical and methodological, (2) ecological, (3) social and cultural, and (4) applied. The focus of Finnish landscape research has been on both physical landscape characteristics and their spatial and temporal interactions, and also on the diverse social context of landscapes. Finnish landscapes have been mapped and delineated on several occasions, the latest landscape map being based on a publication by the National Land Survey and the Geographical Society of Finland dating from 1994. This classification recognizes landscape areas defined hierarchically on three spatial levels using the proportions and spatial configurations of ground, water, vegetation and man-made forms. The future of Finnish landscape studies is tied to whether knowledge about nature-human interactions on the visible surface of the earth will be able to overcome the fragmentation brought about by specialization. What is needed is a common world of concepts, a new way of thinking. This will call for transdisciplinary concepts, intertraditional points of view, in which quantitative and explicatory methods are complemented by qualitative approaches and methods which emphasize understanding, meanings and symbols.L'étude des paysages finlandais possède de longues traditions méthodologiques remontant au début du XXe siècle, qui se reflètent dans la recherche paysagère pratiquée aujourd'hui par différentes disciplines universitaires et institutions de recherche, tant dans le domaine des sciences exactes que des sciences humaines ou appliquées. Nous avons classé ces études dans quatre catégories principales: 1.les études théoriques et méthodologiques; 2. les études écologiques; 3. les études socio-culturelles; 4.la recherche appliquée. En Finlande, la recherche en matière de paysages est centrée à la fois sur les carac­téristiques physiques des paysages et les interactions spatio-temporelles, ainsi que sur les divers contextes sociaux des paysages. Les paysages finlandais ont été cartographiés et délinéés à plusieurs occasions, dont la plus récente a été la publication, en 1994, d'une carte des paysages par le cadastre finlandais et la Société géographique de Finlande. Cette classification définit de manière hiérarchique des zones paysagères sur trois niveaux spatiaux, sur base des proportions et des configurations spatiales des sols, des eaux, de la végétation et d'autres formes dues à l'homme.L'avenir nous dira si la connaissance des interactions homme-nature sur la surface visible de la terre permettra de dépasser la fragmentation inhérente à toute spécialisation, ce qui nécessite un univers conceptuel commun et une nouvelle manière de penser. Ceci exigera des concepts transdisciplinaires et des vues intertraditionnelles où les méthodes quantitatives et explicatives se verront complétées par des approches et des méthodes qualitatives visant à la fois la compréhension, les significations et les symboles

Lessons learned from participatory land use planning with high-resolution remote sensing images in Tanzania: Practitioners' and participants’ perspectives

AbstractParticipatory mapping (PM) solutions have become common in many sectors of society to enhance engagement of the local communities in planning processes. Especially in data scarce regions, like Africa, PM that captures local knowledge in spatially explicit form is an important tool for integrating previously non-existent spatial knowledge in to collaborative planning. Despite the increasing usage of PM solutions, there still lies a gap in our knowledge of the influence and enabling factors of PM adoption in real-world decision-making processes. We studied practitioners’ and participants’ perceptions on benefits and limitations of PM that uses high-resolution remote sensing imagery to engage with participants in six use cases in Tanzania. We conducted interviews and one group discussion with practitioners, and feedback surveys among PM participants. According to the experiences of the practitioners and participants, PM methods based on high-resolution remote sensing images have increased practitioners’ work quality and professional competence, and enhanced participants’ active participation and spatial understanding for informed decision-making. Technical challenges and lack of skilled experts and institutional support were commonly identified limitations. Based on the users’ perceptions we identified previously recognized enabling factors such as supportive policy environment but also context specific factors; removal of disincentives and wider awareness raising. Moreover, advocacy among policymakers on the benefits of participatory decision-making and geospatial technologies is needed to build their ownership of the new governance practices.</p